Eye

Eye the organ of sight, intricate and efficient The eye is nearly a perfect sphere and occupies the anterior part of the frontal cavity of the skull. It is made of three concentric layers: the cornea, the iris, and the retina. The cornea is transparent and fits into a white membrane called the sclerotic coat. The iris connects with the choroid layer by means of the ciliary body. The iris itself is a colored, circular membrane with a central perforation, the pupil. The retina, the innermost of the three layers, is a delicate transparent membrane containing the ends of the optic nerve. The vitreous body, a firm transparent jelly, constitutes about four-fifths of the eyeball. In the front of the vitreous body is the crystalline lens, slightly yellow, disc-like shape in shape, transparent, and curving out on each side. The space between the lens and cornea is divided into two parts, the anterior and posterior chambers, which contain the aqueous humor, a transparent fluid. In front the eye is covered by the conjunctiva, a mucus membrane, and posteriorly by a fibrous capsule. The entire eyeball is moved by a group of muscles attached on the outer surface. The curvature of the lens is changed by the ciliary muscle, while the pupil is dilated by the

action of the dilator and constrictor fibers in the iris. We do not see with the eye, but the brain and the nervous system. The chief factors for seeing are the optic nerve and the brain's center for vision. The retina, part of the nervous system, serves to convey images to the optic nerve. The lens is actually a lens, and serves to focus objects on the retina, while the muscles control the size and shape of the lens in its focusing. Accessory muscles move the eyeball. The iris controls the amount of light which enters the eye by dilating and contracting.

Ideally the lens of the eye receives light from the outside and bends it so that the image is focused on a small point of the retina. To maintain focus on the retina, the lens must change it shape when objects are viewed from different distances. This is called accommodation. When the eye is unable to accommodate properly, nearsightedness or farsightedness may result.

The eye in its normal functioning has the ability to adapt itself to various conditions of light. Overuse will exhaust this ability, and proper lighting is necessary to prevent the eye from becoming strained or fatigued.

Each eye contains over a 100 million light receptors. During our waking hours they continually translate our surroundings to the brain in three dimension color.

These four media are transparent , and, as their optical densities are greater than air, the light on passing into the eye is refracted by the anterior surface of the cornea and by the anterior or posterior surfaces of the lens. When these media lose their transparency vision is damaged or destroyed altogether.

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References: Medical and Health Encyclopedia volume 5 pages 725-736, Endocrines, Organs And Their Impact page 16, Textbook on Physiology, p. 536, The Powerful Human Machine, by the AMA, p.,18.