Ovarian

The ovaries are the two sex glands of women. They lie in the lower part of the abdomen and perform two essential functions: they germinate the female reproductive or egg cells, one of which passes through the fallopian tube to the uterus every month; and they provide internal secretions or hormones which influence most of the female characteristics and which are related to the reproductive process. The ovaries are active from puberty to menopause, during which time they perform the function of ovulation that produce these substances necessary for maintaining these certain female characteristics.

The early sexual development in the girl is the result of rapid functional development of the ovaries or a hypo function of the pineal gland. The ovaries are affected by the action of distant glands. A normal thyroid has much to do with the function of the ovaries. With a hypothyroid condition menstruation may not appear even though the ovaries and the uterus are normal. The patient also becomes obese and the skin dry. Should the pituitary be at fault the skin will be soft and moist. Hyperthyroidism will cause abnormal menstruation and if pregnancy occurs in this time it will be subject to metabolic and toxic disturbances. Should the thymus be active at puberty, the girl develops early and there is increased sexual desire. This may also occur at menopause due to ovarian irritation while a too early stoppage on ovarian activity may result in physical debility, mental depression and melancholia (mental depression). Anything that increases the thyroid secretion hastens puberty. The thyroid secretion is hastened by sexual excitement. Profuse menstruation in young girls may be dependent upon hyperthyroidism, while amenorrhea (failure of administration) may be the result hypothyroid or hypo pituitary function. If during menstruation clots occur in the uterus it is probably due to an abnormal functioning thyroid; while greater loss of blood can be sustained by women during menstruation than any other way, yet too profuse, too frequent and too prolonged menstruation can deplete the blood of calcium. It also occurs when pregnancies are too frequent and coupled with a loss of blood. This can lead to osteomalaica (softening of bone). Menopause is accompanied by few symptoms if the thyroid diminishes its secretion with those of the ovary and stopping of corpus luteum (a small yellow area in an ovary fond at the site where an egg has formed and burst from the gland) activity.

The hormone estradiol determines the familiar feminine attributes; it causes both internal and external sex organs to grow to adult size and the development of typical figure with lines softened by a layer of fat under the skin. The other hormone secreted by the ovaries progesterone, cause changes in the uterus and prepares it to receive the fertilized egg cell. Progesterone is secreted approximately for only a week, or a little more, each month after the egg cell has been released by the ovary .The female phenomenon, menopause or change of life, is bound intimately with the discontinuance of these hormones. When ova are no longer released each month progesterone is no longer developed. Gradually the estradiol diminishes and finally ceases. Removal of the ovaries causes definite body changes regardless of the age.

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References: Medical and Health Encyclopedia volume 10 pages 1393-1394, Endocrines, Organs And Their Impact pages 44-45, Blackwood Materia Medica (First edition), Merck Manual (11 edition).